In a packet capture, you notice a device sending a broadcast asking 'Who has IP address 10.0.0.5?'. Which protocol is being used?

ARP is responsible for translating a known logical IP address into a physical MAC address so that devices on a local network can communicate.

Why is TCP referred to as a 'connection-oriented' protocol compared to UDP being 'connection-less'?

Connection-oriented means the two devices must verify a connection and synchronize via a handshake before data transfer. UDP, being connection-less, simply sends data without ensuring the receiver is ready or even present.

Why is UDP often preferred for real-time applications like voice or video conferencing over TCP?

In real-time apps, a lost word or frame is better skipped than delayed. UDP does not waste time re-sending old data, keeping the stream current.

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Cybersecurity Fundamentals

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